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Skip to content Git Version Control System
In this article, and further tutorials in this series, you will learn
about the Git version control system and how it is used for managing
source code and text files for a wide variety of applications.
More than conceptual, this article will provide you with a 1-2-3
getting started cheat sheet for running with Git right away.
What is Git?
Git is an open source cross-platform version control system. Every
project involving various text files will have a revision history ,
and Git helps you keep track of it.
You will often hear that Git is a distributed version control
system . But what does that mean?
The program provides a suite of commands that help you track changes
made to source code over time as well as well as deploy code to local
and remote repositories. Git is “distributed” in the sense that
there need not be one central repository for source code, but
individual users may “clone” the project into their workstations and
have all the content they need to do their job. When they’re done,
they can submit their work to a shared remote repository so other
people can see what they did.
It’s easy to think of Git version control as a journal containing the
detailed history of your project.
Those journal entries are kept in the repository. Once you have added
files to the staging index, you want to let Git know when to record
those changes into the journal. In the Git world, this is called a
“commit.”
You can think of it as making a commitment to record the changes you
made in your working directory to the permanently recorded history.
Once changes have been committed, they go into the repository. And
you can later revisit any point of history in the repository. Each
“commit” is marked with a unique identifier.
Plus, Git requires that you provide a “commit message” providing some
background detail on what this commit consists of. This way, Git
forces you to keep your project details, upgrades, bug fixes, and
features very well documented.
Git, Hosted and Self-hosted
There are many popular hosting platforms available for Git, such as
Github and Bitbucket.
Many of these platforms offer special features and addons built around
the base functionality of Git.
Free and Open Source
Git is free and open source software, so you can host your own Git
server if you want to. It also works with just about every operating
system.
Some hosted services offer a self-hosted variant. GitLab offers
a lot of the features you would see in GitHub but with an optional
self-hosted package you could install on a private server.
However, if you are interested in managing your own Git repositories
on a private server, this is the tutorial series for you.
Where to Start With Git
There is so much you can do with Git version control and file
management that we have chosen to limit this tutorial to the bare
essentials.
This means even though there is much more information available about
this program, you will be up and running quickly with everything you
need to get started using Git right away.
Whether you choose to use a third party Git hosting platform in the
future, or if you prefer to manage your own repositories, in this
tutorial, you will learn how to build and manage your repositories
from the ground up using command line tools you already have available
on your computer. We are going to learn how to initiate a repository
and track files, commit changes, tag and sign commits, and how to push
changes and deploy files.
When first learning how to use Git, you have a choice between using
the command line version and a graphical user interface (GUI) version.
In this article, we presume you are interesting in learning the
command line variant. There are certain benefits in using the command
line version of Git including:
Wide support across various platforms
Commands stay the same no matter where you are
Allows for scripting and aliasing (to run favorite commands faster)
Helps to solidify the conceptual framework behind Git
But if for any reason you choose to use a GUI, there are many popular
open source option including:
The Git Three-tier Architecture
While working with Git you will often hear about the working
directory, the staging index, and the repository. These concepts are
important to grasp from the very beginning in order to get a proper
footing in using Git.
The working directory is where everything starts. This is where you do
your work. Files that you are working with are located in the working
directory on your computer. Likewise, other users will have clones of
the project in their working directories.
The staging index is where you add the files you want to track.
Tracking files means that Git is watching them for changes in this
special staging area. When you add files to the staging index, you
are telling Git, “Please include this file in the list of files
associated with this project and keep note of all changes made to it.”
You should now see the full progression before you: files start in the
working directory, they are added to the staging index, and then they
are committed to the repository. As you can see above, files can also
be “checked out” from the repository, but this is an advanced topic
that will be covered later.
Git in Practice: A Complete Beginner’s Guide
This section will introduce the uninitiated beginner to all the
immediate Git fundamentals needed to start work right away. This is a
crash course in Git for beginners.
Did you know? You can use your cloud server hosting as a private Git server.
Before getting started, you will just need to install Git . If you’ve
already complete the installation then you are ready to begin.
The Working Directory
The working directory is the main directory for the project files. As
you’re learning more about Git you’ll often hear or read mention of
the working directory. It’s basically the directory (or, folder)
that contains the files for your project.
The working directory can be altered by Git. For example, you could
load previous versions of the project or integrate others’ code from
another branch of the project, and your working directory will change.
This means you must be careful not to accidentally overwrite files in
your working directory.
In order to start using your working directory, all you have to do is
create a directory and start adding your files to it.
In the next section, you will find out how to instruct the Git program
to start watching this directory for changes.
Initialize Repository
Before you begin your work you’ll need to “initialize” Git in your
working directory, with this command:
git init
This command initializes Git functionality in your working directory.
But what does that mean? Git initialization accomplishes the
following:
Sets up a .git directory in your working directory
This “hidden” directory keeps track of the files and special
reference markers needed by the Git program
As you get more advanced in Git, you can use some of the items in
this directory to achieve advanced effects, but not yet
Opens up your project for Git tracking
Allows you to start running Git commands
Upon initialization, your Git project is officially up and running.
Now you need to let Git know which files to start tracking.
The Staging Index
Like the working directory , the staging index is a fundamental concept
in Git that you must learn and commit to memory.
You can think of the staging index as a sort of list that tells Git
which files (or modifications to files) you want to commit to the
repository .
You use the staging index by invoking the git add command, for
example:
git add <name-of-file>
Or…
git add file1.php
In the diagram below, suppose three files have been created in the
working directory. Notice:
The first file has already been tracked by Git and was modified
The second file is new to Git but was just added, indicating that
it’s a new file for Git to start tracking
The third file has not been added to the staging index, so Git is
not aware of it
This means that even if a file has been previously added to Git for
tracking, it must be added to the staging index again every time it is
modified, otherwise the changes will not be committed to the repository .
The Repository
Once you have added the files, and modifications to files, to the
staging index, it’s time to create a commit for those changes to add
them to the repository.
The repository is the official, logged, and—sometimes—tagged
destination for your project files in one state.
You can think of the repository as the place where all the records of
the various states of your project are kept. Each note, or mark, is
termed a “commit,” because it is basically a commitment to the
permanent record of the project. This means if you’re working on
something like a software project, the program should be in a solid
working condition or at least a somewhat working state when a commit
is made.
Git requires that all commits be made with a log entry to briefly
notate the nature of the commit.
Some example commit messages might be:
“Fixed bug on login screen”
“Updated emphasis font”
“Added phone number entry to form fields”
In order to start a commit, run this command:
git commit
This command, as is, will open your default text editor for writing in
your commit message.
To skip over the text editor, use the -m option and put your commit
message in quotes, like so:
git commit -m "Fixed bug on login screen"
And, accomplishing more with one command, you can add the -a option
to simultaneously add all file modifications to staging index before
committing:
git commit -am "Fixed bug on login screen"
The latter command demonstrates how the command line Git variant lets
you use various options to chain commands together, thus saving a
little time.
Branches
Finally, as you are now ready to embark on your journey in discovering
the magic of Git, you need to learn about how branches work.
Branches allow for unlimited iteration of your project files. For
example, if you want to test a new feature or bit of code, you can
create a separate “branch” of the project.
By default, every Git project has a master branch, or “upstream”
branch that is meant to reference the final/complete version of your
project.
By creating branches you can make unlimited changes to your project,
and commit them, without affecting the master copy.
When working with branches you can always switch back to the master
branch—or other branches to “checkout” the files or modifications in
that branch.
However, one caveat of branches is that you can only “checkout” other
branches from a clean state . Which means if you have uncommitted
changes in your current branch you cannot checkout other branches.
But if you’re unready to commit those changes on your current branch,
you can stash them aside for later.
In order to see what branch you’re currently on, you can run the git
branch command by itself:
git branch
If you haven’t created any alternative branches yet, you will see a
listing for the “master” branch, which you’re on by default.
To create a new branch you can run git branch followed by the name
of the branch you want to create, like so:
git branch <name-of-branch>
Now when you run git branch you’ll see “master” and the new branch
listed. Master will still be selected as your active branch.
In order to “checkout” a different branch, run the git checkout
command followed by the name of the branch you want to check out.
git checkout <name-of-branch>
You can check to make sure you’re on the new branch by running git
branch again to see that the new branch is selected/highlighted.
(It’s always good to check your work.)
Now, notice, if you make changes to the files on this branch, you will
not be able to switch back over to the “master” branch unless you
commit your changes or stash them.
To stash your changes, run git stash .
git stash
When you return to the new branch, you can unstash, or “pop,” your
changes. (Actually, you can pop changes on any branch. See the full
guide on git stash to learn more.)
Those are the very basics of Git. From there, you can master the
entire program because you have grounded yourself in the fundamentals.
If you have any issues, or unexpected errors, leave a comment below
and the InMotion community team will try to help out.
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