{"id":74551,"date":"2021-06-17T15:17:44","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T19:17:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/?p=74551"},"modified":"2023-10-31T16:52:21","modified_gmt":"2023-10-31T20:52:21","slug":"diff","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/server\/linux\/diff\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Compare Files With Diff"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Compare-Files-With-Diff-1024x538.png\" alt=\"How to compare files with diff\" class=\"wp-image-74552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Compare-Files-With-Diff-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Compare-Files-With-Diff-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Compare-Files-With-Diff-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Compare-Files-With-Diff.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1360px) 876px, (min-width: 960px) calc(61.58vw + 51px), calc(100vw - 80px)\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> There are an infinite number of situations in which you will be required to compare two files to see where they are the same or different.  This is especially important when managing multiple configuration files in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/vps-hosting\">VPS web server<\/a>.  You can analyze each file yourself line by line, but that could take a ridiculously long time, and there\u2019s now way to be sure whether or not your hard analyses introduced even more errors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#diff\">How To Use The <code>diff<\/code> Command<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#compare-files\">Comparing Two Files<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#options\">Useful and Interesting <code>diff<\/code> Options<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#practical-use-cases\">Practical Use Cases For Diff<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#configuration-files\">Server Configuration Files<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#files-edited\">Files Edited by Other Users<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diff\">How To Use The <code>diff<\/code> Command<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\nIn order to use the <code>diff<\/code> command you will of course need to have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/server\/ssh\/how-to-login-ssh\/\">SSH access<\/a> to your server.  These commands are all run from a command prompt.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"compare-files\">Comparing Two Files<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\nClassic example of a <code>diff<\/code> command:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"org07f9875\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">diff &lt;first-file&gt; &lt;second-file&gt;\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\nHere\u2019s a working example, and it\u2019s output:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted src src-sh\">diff first-file second-file\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"orgc07bfa1\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">@@ -1 +1 @@\n-This is the first file\n\\ No newline at end of file\n+This is the second file\n\\ No newline at end of file\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p> Some terminal emulators will color the output to point out exactly what is different: <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"98\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/diff_output_colored.png\" alt=\"Diff output\" class=\"wp-image-74554\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"options\">Useful and Interesting <code>diff<\/code> Options<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p> Most interestingly, if you don\u2019t need to know anything other than whether or not two files are identical, you can use the <code>-s<\/code> option.  For this example I have created two files called \u201ccat\u201d and \u201cdog\u201d which both have identical contents.  Using the <code>-s<\/code> option you can see they are exactly alike: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted src src-bash\">diff -s cat dog\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\nThe result is:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"org1dfbc6a\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">Files cat and dog are identical\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\nIf the files are not identical, the command will result in nothing.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nIn some cases, it can be helpful to paginate the output.  As in the case of printing an output for review, you can have <code>diff<\/code> paginate its output using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/server\/linux\/pr\/\">the <code>pr<\/code> command<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted src src-sh\">diff -l cat dog\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\nThe output:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"orgd7364ab\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">2021-06-15 10:32          diff -l first-file second-file          Page 1\n\n\n1c1\n&lt; This is the first file\n\\ No newline at end of file\n---\n&gt; This is the second file\n\\ No newline at end of file\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p> Notice the output contains a header with date, files compared, and a page number.  This command can be output to a command line printer program like <code>lp<\/code> or <code>lpr<\/code> and printed on paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For a complete listing of options be sure to visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/software\/diffutils\/\">complete diffutils documentation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"practical-use-cases\">Practical Use Cases For Diff<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p> There are many practical use cases for applying <code>diff<\/code> in real world situations.  You can probably think of a dozen, but here are a few that you are sure to encounter at some point, and for which you could easily justify coming up with a <code>diff<\/code> workflow today. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"configuration-files\">Server Configuration Files<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p> Your server configuration is precious.  Many mission-critical systems running inside your server depend on a few configuration files to make sure all services are tweaked properly and running efficiently.  One little change in these configurations can cause a potential catastrophe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> There are instances in which other programs can write data to configuration files.  If you find yourself in such an instance you can use <code>diff<\/code> to compare a current configuration with a backup.  Assuming that the configuration you backed up previous was working as expected, you can use <code>diff<\/code> to compared current files with archived files to isolate the cause of system issues. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But remember, some system files may not be accessible at all user levels.  Some file may require root access, which you can only get at the VPS or dedicated level. (Unsure about  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/vps-vs-dedicated-server\">VPS vs a dedicated server<\/a>?)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"files-edited\">Files Edited by Other Users<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\nImagine that multiple users are accessing the same set of files.  If someone changed a file, how would you know?  You are sure to be aware of the error if something breaks, but that would be late.  But with the <code>diff<\/code> command you can check any mission critical files for changes and easily identify potential issues, or at least have an easier time triangulating the most likely cause of an error.\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are an infinite number of situations in which you will be required to compare two files to see where they are the same or different. This is especially important when managing multiple configuration files in a VPS web server. You can analyze each file yourself line by line, but that could take a ridiculously<a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/server\/linux\/diff\/\"> Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57014,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4308],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-74551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Compare Files With Diff<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comparing multiple files with diff is an easy to quickly see how a file is different or identical, and it should be a regular part of your Linux toolkit.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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