{"id":59982,"date":"2020-09-22T09:33:58","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T13:33:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/?p=59982"},"modified":"2023-12-22T12:01:12","modified_gmt":"2023-12-22T17:01:12","slug":"git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Git Fundamentals Complete Beginner Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-1024x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-88687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1360px) 876px, (min-width: 960px) calc(61.58vw + 51px), calc(100vw - 80px)\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This article will introduce the uninitiated beginner to all the immediate Git fundamentals needed to start work right away.  This is a crash course in Git for beginners. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why\">Git Fundamentals and Options (Why Learn Git?)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Git is (arguably) the world\u2019s most popular version control system.  It is actively developed and supported by a large community of users. Git is\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"org-ul wp-block-list\">\n<li>Decentralized, meaning work can be done independent of a centrally\nlocated repository<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Widely supported<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hosted for free on popular websites like GitHub and BitBucket<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Universally supported across various operating systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"com-gui\">Command Line or GUI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When first learning how to use Git, you have a choice between using the command line version and a graphical user interface (GUI) version. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we presume you are interesting in learning the command line variant.  There are certain benefits in using the command line version of Git including: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"org-ul wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wide support across various platforms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commands stay the same no matter where you are<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allows for scripting and aliasing (to run favorite commands faster)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helps to solidify the conceptual framework behind Git<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\nBut if for any reason you choose to use a GUI, there are many popular\nopen source option including:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"org-ul wp-block-list\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gitkraken.com\/\">Git Kraken<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/magit.vc\/\">Magit<\/a> (for emacs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/gitextensions.github.io\/\">Git Extensions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/desktop.github.com\/\">GitHub Desktop<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sourcetreeapp.com\/\">Sourcetree<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wd\">The Working Directory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The working directory is the main directory for the project files.  As you\u2019re learning more about Git you\u2019ll often hear or read mention of the working directory.  It\u2019s basically <i>the<\/i> directory (or, folder) that contains the files for your project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The working directory can be altered by Git.  For example, you could load previous versions of the project or integrate others\u2019 code from another branch of the project, and your working directory will change. This means you must be careful not to accidentally overwrite files in your working directory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to start using your working directory, all you have to do is create a directory and start adding your files to it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the next section, you will find out how to instruct the Git program to start watching this directory for changes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"init\">Initialize Repository<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you begin your work you\u2019ll need to \u201cinitialize\u201d Git in your working directory, with this command: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">git init<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This command initializes Git functionality in your working directory. But what does that mean?  Git initialization accomplishes the following: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"org-ul wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sets up a <i>.git<\/i> directory in your working directory\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This \u201chidden\u201d directory keeps track of the files and special\nreference markers needed by the Git program<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As you get more advanced in Git, you can use some of the items in\nthis directory to achieve advanced effects, but not yet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Opens up your project for Git tracking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allows you to start running <i>git<\/i> commands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Upon initialization, your Git project is officially up and running. Now you need to let Git know which files to start tracking. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"staging\">The Staging Index<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Like the <a href=\"#wd\">working directory<\/a>, the staging index is a fundamental concept in Git that you must learn and commit to memory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can think of the <i>staging index<\/i> as a sort of list that tells Git which files (or modifications to files) you want to <a href=\"#repo\">commit to the repository<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> You use the staging index by invoking the <i>git add<\/i> command, for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git add &lt;name-of-file&gt;<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\nOr\u2026\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git add file1.php<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p> In the diagram below, suppose three files have been created in the working directory. Notice: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"org-ol wp-block-list\">\n<li>The first file has already been tracked by Git and was modified<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The second file is new to Git but was just added, indicating that\nit\u2019s a new file for Git to start tracking<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The third file has not been added to the staging index, so Git is\nnot aware of it<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/git-staging.png\" alt=\"The git work tree, from working to staging to committing\" class=\"wp-image-10329\"><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This means that even if a file has been previously added to Git for tracking, it must be added to the staging index again every time it is modified, otherwise the changes will not be <a href=\"#repo\">committed to the repository<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"repo\">The Repository<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Once you have added the files, and modifications to files, to the staging index, it\u2019s time to <i>commit<\/i> those changes to the repository. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The repository is the official, logged, and\u2014sometimes\u2014tagged destination for your project files in one state. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can think of the repository as the place where all the records of the various <i>states<\/i> of your project are kept. Each note, or mark, is termed a \u201ccommit,\u201d because it is basically a commitment to the permanent record of the project. This means if you\u2019re working on something like a software project, the program should be in a solid working condition or at least a somewhat working state when a commit is made. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nGit requires that all commits be made with a log entry to briefly\nnotate the nature of the commit.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\nSome example commit messages might be:\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"org-ul wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cFixed bug on login screen\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cUpdated emphasis font\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cAdded phone number entry to form fields\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to start a commit, run this command: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git commit<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This command, as is, will open your default text editor for writing in your commit message. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To skip over the text editor, use the <i>-m<\/i> option and put your commit message in quotes, like so: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git commit -m \"Fixed bug on login screen\"<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>And, accomplishing more with one command, you can add the <i>-a<\/i> option to simultaneously add all file modifications to staging index before committing: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git commit -am \"Fixed bug on login screen\"<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>The latter command demonstrates how the command line Git variant lets you use various options to chain commands together, thus saving a little time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"branches\">Branches<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, as you are now ready to embark on your journey in discovering the magic of Git, you need to learn about how branches work. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Branches allow for unlimited iteration of your project files.  For example, if you want to test a new feature or bit of code, you can create a separate \u201cbranch\u201d of the project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By default, every Git project has a master branch, or \u201cupstream\u201d branch that is meant to reference the final\/complete version of your project. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By creating branches you can make unlimited changes to your project, and commit them, without affecting the master copy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When working with branches you can always switch back to the master branch\u2014or other branches to \u201ccheckout\u201d the files or modifications in that branch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, one caveat of branches is that you can only \u201ccheckout\u201d other branches from a <i>clean state<\/i>.  Which means if you have uncommitted changes in your current branch you cannot checkout other branches. But if you\u2019re unready to commit those changes on your current branch, you can stash them aside for later. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to see what branch you\u2019re currently on, you can run the <i>git branch<\/i> command by itself: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git branch<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>If you haven\u2019t created any alternative branches yet, you will see a listing for the \u201cmaster\u201d branch, which you\u2019re on by default. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To create a new branch you can run <i>git branch<\/i> followed by the name of the branch you want to create, like so: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git branch &lt;name-of-branch&gt;<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Now when you run <i>git branch<\/i> you\u2019ll see \u201cmaster\u201d and the new branch listed.  Master will still be selected as your active branch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to \u201ccheckout\u201d a different branch, run the <i>git checkout<\/i> command followed by the name of the branch you want to check out. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git checkout &lt;name-of-branch&gt;<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>You can check to make sure you\u2019re on the new branch by running <i>git branch<\/i> again to see that the new branch is selected\/highlighted. (It\u2019s always good to check your work.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, notice, if you make changes to the files on this branch, you will not be able to switch back over to the \u201cmaster\u201d branch unless you commit your changes or stash them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To stash your changes, run <i>git stash<\/i>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted example\">git stash<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>When you return to the new branch, you can unstash, or \u201cpop,\u201d your changes.  (Actually, you can pop changes on any branch.  See the full guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/stash\/\">git stash<\/a> to learn more.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<p>Those are the very basics of Git. From there, you can master the entire program because you have grounded yourself in the fundamentals. If you have any issues, or unexpected errors, leave a comment below and the InMotion community team will try to help out. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"jumbotron\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\r\n<p style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong>Scalable VPS Infrastructure, Fully Managed<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>When shared hosting can't handle your traffic, VPS delivers dedicated resources that scale with demand. Our team manages the technical complexity while you manage your business.<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/design.inmotionhosting.com\/assets\/icons\/standard\/check-blue.svg\" alt=\"check mark\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" \/>NVMe Storage &nbsp;&nbsp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/design.inmotionhosting.com\/assets\/icons\/standard\/check-blue.svg\" alt=\"check mark\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" \/>High-Availability &nbsp;&nbsp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/design.inmotionhosting.com\/assets\/icons\/standard\/check-blue.svg\" alt=\"check mark\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" \/>Ironclad Security &nbsp;&nbsp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/design.inmotionhosting.com\/assets\/icons\/standard\/check-blue.svg\" alt=\"check mark\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" \/>Premium Support<\/p>\r\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-primary btn-lg\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/vps-hosting?mktgp=t&irgwc=1&affiliates=5001860&utm_campaign=Jumbotron&utm_source=supportcenter&utm_medium=cta&utm_term=vps-cta2\">VPS Hosting<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article will introduce the uninitiated beginner to all the immediate Git fundamentals needed to start work right away. This is a crash course in Git for beginners. Git Fundamentals and Options (Why Learn Git?) Git is (arguably) the world&#8217;s most popular version control system. It is actively developed and supported by a large community<a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\"> Read More ><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4309],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59982","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-git"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Git Fundamentals Complete Guide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn Git in 7 minutes. No previous experience necessary. This complete guide covers all the Git fundamentals necessary to get a beginner started and working in the world&#039;s most popular version system.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Git Fundamentals Complete Guide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn Git in 7 minutes. No previous experience necessary. This complete guide covers all the Git fundamentals necessary to get a beginner started and working in the world&#039;s most popular version system.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"InMotion Hosting Support Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/inmotionhosting\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-09-22T13:33:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-12-22T17:01:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-1024x538.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher Maiorana\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@InMotionHosting\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@InMotionHosting\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher Maiorana\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher Maiorana\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/#\/schema\/person\/c6922c56c84e17079fd558e07b7ef72f\"},\"headline\":\"Git Fundamentals Complete Beginner Guide\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-22T13:33:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-22T17:01:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\"},\"wordCount\":1347,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-1024x538.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Git\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/\",\"name\":\"Git Fundamentals Complete Guide\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/website\/git\/git-fundamentals-complete-beginner-guide\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.inmotionhosting.com\/support\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Git-Fundamentals-Complete-Beginner-Guide-1024x538.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-22T13:33:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-12-22T17:01:12+00:00\",\"description\":\"Learn Git in 7 minutes. 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